NT Manuscripts

New Testament Manuscripts by Dr. David Instone-Brewer The number of New Testament manuscripts available for study is far greater than for the Old Testament and they date from a time much closer to the original authors. In total there are thousands of manuscripts – the number usually cited is 5000 originating from the 2nd to 16th century, when the production of manuscripts abated with the advent of printing.  The majority of these are lectionaries from the Greek-speaking Eastern church after the 5th century when Western church adopted the Latin Vulgate as their official Bible. These later manuscripts are important because these were largely the ones available to Erasmus and other early scholars. The number of variants appears, at first, to be huge – over eleven thousand have been catalogued in detail – but only about 6% of them make any difference to the meaning of the text. Which manuscript is best? There are two main approaches to evaluating variant readings. Some scholars count up the number of manuscripts which contain a variant to find the “majority” text. Other scholars give greater consideration to the older manuscripts and try to consider the reasons for changes. For example it is more likely that a scribe would change an uncommon spelling into a more ‘correct’ one, or change a difficult word into an easier one. Attempts to build a family tree of manuscripts back to a single original have been recently aided by powerful computer analysis. The present consensus is that this project is impossible for two main reasons. First, we have too few of the manuscripts from the earliest centuries, so that the gaps are too large and critical branch-points in the tree have been lost. Second, the copiers did not work unthinkingly, but were corrected errors as they found them. Augustine, in whose day there were hardly two completely identical manuscripts, said that it was usually obvious which reading was correct, and in cases of doubt one could consult a copy which was known to be good.[1] This implies that even by the 5th century there were still many poorly made copies, probably written by people for their own use, and that there were also professionally copied exemplars which were used to correct poor copies. Families of Manuscripts After the 5th century manuscripts tended to follow local traditions. This is perhaps because Christian scribes had become a disciplined profession so there were fewer personal copies and fewer accidental variants. Gradually some changes were sanctioned by local church custom, so that three (or four) families of manuscripts emerged. Alexandrian family (sometimes known as Neutral). Produced mainly by churches in North Africa and perhaps Palestine. They tend to contain fairly rough Greek and a larger number of ambiguous or difficult passages. Western family. Produced mainly in Italy and Western Europe. They often contain additional phrases which help to explain difficulties. Byzantine family. Produced mainly in Eastern Europe. They have generally smoother Greek and fewer ambiguous phrases. Caesarian family. Based on the text of Origen and produced by some Palestinian churches. This is a small group and most scholars do not regard it as a true family of texts. The Western text became the traditional version of the Catholic church, while the Orthodox church followed the Byzantine text tradition. After the 5th century, most Catholic Bibles were produced in Latin, translated from the Western text, though the Orthodox churches continued to read the Bible in Greek. Therefore the vast majority of surviving Greek New Testaments from the 6th century onwards were produced by the Orthodox church and follow the Byzantine text. The demise of the North African churches meant that few copies of the Alexandrian family were made, though some important exemplar copies have survived, such as Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus which are named after the libraries where they were rediscovered in the 19th century. Which family is best? Traditionally the Western family of manuscripts has been preferred by Catholic scholars and the Byzantine by Orthodox scholars. Most modern scholars prefer Alexandrian texts which are generally earlier, with rougher and more problematic Greek. This family appears to be close to the texts which were later edited in separate ways by the Western and Byzantine churches. Therefore modern editions of the Greek New Testament (since the edition of Westcott & Hort) follow mainly Alexandrian manuscripts while older editions tended to rely on a mixture of Byzantine and Western manuscripts. For example, Erasmus’s first edition was based on a small number of manuscripts, though his notes indicate that he was aware of many others, including Vaticanus. There has been a recent revival of interest in the Byzantine family as the source of a “Majority” edition because this is closer to the text of Erasmus which has enjoyed great popularity since the King James version was based on it. Which variant is best? No single family of manuscripts and no single manuscript can be said to be the most reliable or contain the earliest version. Scholars attempt to discern the earliest reading by examining all the available variants in each instance, on a case-by-case basis. They try to find a reason why the variants might have arisen. If words which occur between two similar-sounding words are missing in some manuscripts, it is likely that one or more scribes accidentally omitted them. If words which explain a difficulty or an ambiguity are absent from some manuscripts, it is likely that they were added by scribes in order to help the reader. If some manuscripts have perfect Greek where other have slightly ungrammatical Greek, this is probably due to scribal correction. Often it is difficult to decide why a specific change has occurred. The decision depends on the evidence of the sources on each side – their age, their relative trustworthiness (whether they are generally known to be careful copies or sloppy ones) and the geographical spread of the readings – because a variant which is found in only one area is likely to be due to a late change. Most modern editions of the Greek text are produced by this type of reasoning, and there has been very little disagreement about these broad conclusions in the last century. The resultant text published as the Nestlé-Aland edition and the United Bible Society (UBS) edition are virtually identical, differing only in their punctuation and the amount information they give concerning manuscript evidence.[2] Subsequent editions created for SBL and Tyndale House have come to virtually the same conclusions, though emphasizing different reasons behind the variants.  Information recorded about variants in Manuscripts and Meanings In the Manuscripts and Meanings module, all variants which may result in a different translation are recorded. Most variants result in no difference in translation or in translations which have the same meaning. For example, in Mark 1:16 where Jesus saw Simon and Andrew “casting a net into the lake”, many manuscripts omit “a net”, but the word is clearly implied. Sometimes such variant are important are important because they help us understanding the reason for differences between translations. In such cases, instead of listing all the sources these variants are merely recorded as Maj (as found in the Majority text which is followed by most older translations) or as UBS (as found in the UBS/NA editions which are followed by most modern translations). Variants which result in a different meaning are given with a full list of sources. This list consists of all manuscripts, ancient translations and quotations by ancient authors before originating before about 600 AD. After this time the manuscripts started to coalesce into families. These sources are: New Testament Manuscripts Papyri (p1, p2 etc.) – written on papyrus and preserved mainly in the dry soil of Egypt, often written by ordinary believers for their own use. They contain a lot of accidental errors, and include the oldest copies of NT manuscripts. They are therefore very valuable for finding the earliest text, but must be used with care. From a total of 122, 85 papyri can be dated before the 6th century. The most important are the third century p45, p46, & p47 which cover most of the NT between them. Uncials (01, 02 etc.) – written completely in upper case (‘uncial’ letters) mainly on parchment. These are mostly produced by experienced or professional scribes. Occasionally a manuscript has been corrected at an early date – this is marked as 01a while the main manuscript is marked as 01. From a total of 352, 74 uncials can be dated before the 6th century. The most important are the fourth century Codex Sinaiticus (01) and Codex Vaticanus (03) which contain all or most of the NT. One 6th C manuscript has been included – number 06 known as D or Claromontanus – because it is very closely related to Codex Bezae (also known as D but numbered 05) and because it is the best early witness to the Greek Western text of the Epistles. Miniscules (1, 2 etc.) – written mostly in lower case (‘miniscule’ letters). These were written mainly by professional scribes in Eastern churches. None of the 2900 miniscules are early enough to be included in the options. Lectionaries (L1, L2 etc.) – i.e. sets of daily readings. These were written mainly by professional scribes for use in Eastern churches and for daily devotions by those rich enough to afford one. From a total of 273, only two can be dated before the 6th century. Ancient Translations of the New Testament Those translated before the 6th century are: Old Latin (Lt) – translated into the common language of Italy, which was also the official language of the Western church. They were often translated and copied by ordinary believers for their own use, so they are of mixed quality. From a total of 74 manuscripts, 15 can be dated before the 6th century. Vulgate (Vg) – Jerome’s 4th century translation into Latin, which became the official Bible for the Western church. He carefully followed the Western Greek texts (except perhaps in Acts and James to Revelation). Coptic (Cp) – a third or fourth century translation into the native language of Egypt. Gothic (Gt) – a fourth century translation into the native language of Germany. Old Syriac (Sy) – a first to third century translation into the native language of Syria, as found in Curetonian Gospels (SyrC) Peshitta (Pe) - an official translation by the Syriac church (sometimes abbreviated as SyrP) Armenian (Ar) – a fifth century translation into the native language ofArmenia, probably based on the Syriac. Georgian (Gg) – a fifth century translation into the native language ofGeorgia, probably based on the Armenian. Each ancient translation is likely to represent one Greek source of the whole New Testament,[3] so they are very important. However, when different versions of the same translation disagree with each other, their evidence at that point is discarded because we cannot be sure what the original Greek was that they translated from. An exception to this is the Latin translations which consist of a large number of separate translations of different Greek sources. This means that “Lt” may be cited as evidence for two different readings of the same text. Ancient Quotations from the New Testament Quotations (Q1, Q2 etc.) – mainly from the writings of church Fathers and a few ancient works of unknown authorship which quote the NT text. There are about 215 such sources which can be dated before the 6th century, some of which have just one or two quotes while others are commentaries on large portions of the text. The abbreviations are chronological, so that the lowest number (Q1) is the earliest. They should be used with care because the same author may quote different versions at different times, and they may quote inaccurately from memory. Many of these are not written in Greek, so the text is cited in translation. The Diatessaron is an important member of this group, though it is difficult to classify because it more like an ancient version. The Diatessaron is a harmony of the Gospels which was compiled by Tatian in the second century in Greek or possibly in Syriac. His ingenious interweaving of gospel stories employed all but a few verses of all four gospels with little overlap. This was so popular that it was translated into several languages and copied widely, though most of the copies were destroyed when Tatian was declared a heretic in the fifth century. Later Manuscripts and Modern Editions  Almost all manuscripts later than the 5th century conform to the Byzantine family, and even when early manuscripts and later manuscripts are counted together, the larger number of later manuscripts means that the majority of manuscripts always follow Byzantine readings. This is recorded as: Maj – the edition based on the majority of manuscripts.  The modern edition called the “Majority Text” is based on the readings in this largest number of manuscripts, though very occasionally it uses readings from earlier manuscripts which are not found in the majority. The other important modern edition is that produced by the United Bible Society text and the identical Nestle-Aland text. This edition is very similar to the previous scholarly editions of Westcott & Hort, Tischendorf and Weiss, who all followed broadly similar principles. It is used as the basis of most modern translations, and is noted as: Abbreviating the Abbreviations: The arcane and confusing abbreviations for these sources which are found in a normal scholarly critical apparatus cannot be completely avoided, because there are so many sources. However the options present this in a relatively straight-forward manner. For example: Mark 1:1 the Messiah (01 Ar Gg Q19 Q141 Q175 Q197 Q211 Q235 Q241 Q331 Q347 Q385). Prob. the Messiah, the Son of God (01a 02 03 05 032 Lt Vg, Sy, Cp Gt Q77 Q131 Q259 Q285 Q327 Q347 Q355 Maj [UBS]). In this case, some manuscripts read “the Messiah” while others add “the Son of God”. The sources which provide the evidence are listed for both sides. Although the abbreviations appear a little daunting, they are simple to understand. The numbers which do not start with a letter are manuscripts; the two-letter abbreviations are ancient translations; and the Q numbers are quotations in ancient works. Hovering over them gives more information about each one. The abbreviations in the options encapsulate a large amount of information which would normally be presented in a much more complex and confusing way. Even if the late sources were edited out (as in the options), the normal presentation of this same information would look like this: Mark 1:1 Χριστοῦ – א* copsa(ms) arm geo1 Origengr Origenlat Victorinus-Pettau Asterius Serapion Titus-Bostra Basil Cyril-Jerusalem Severian Jerome3/6 Hesychius. Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ – אa A B D W geo2 ita itb itd itff2 vg syrp copsa(mss) copbo goth Diatessaronp Irenaeuslat2/3 Faustus-Milevis Ambrose Chromatius Jerome3/6 Augustine Abbreviations for Sources of the New Testament The following abbreviations are based on standard ones used in other works, with a few differences. Uncials are normally known by their old abbreviations of single letters (A, B etc) but these have been officially replaced by numbers starting with zero (01, 02 etc) because too many have been discovered. Lectionaries normally have a lower case ‘l” but this is indistinct, so upper case is used. The sources of quotations have no official form of abbreviation, and are normally written out in full. The abbreviations used here (Q1, Q3 etc) are based on a combined chronological and alphabetical order of these Fathers and anonymous documents. Only odd numbers have been used because this will allow newly discovered entries to be inserted in their correct position.

Papyri from the 5^th century or earlier

	Date/century	Contents
p1	III	part of Matthew 1
p4	III	part of Luke
p5	III	part of John
p6	IV	part of John 10-11
p7	III/IV?	part of Luke 4
p8	IV	part of Acts 4-6
p9	III	part of 1 John
p10	IV	part of Romans 1
p12	III	Hebrews 1:1
p13	III/IV	part of Hebrews
p15	III	part of 1 Cor. 7-8
p16	III/IV	part of Philippians 3-4
p17	IV	part of Hebrews 9
p18	III/IV	part of Revelation 1
p19	IV/V	part of Matthew 10-11
p20	III	part of James 2-3
p21	IV/V	part of Matthew 12
p22	III	part of John 15-16
p23	early III	part of James
p24	IV	part of Revelation 5-6
p25	late IV	part of Matthew 18-19
p27	III	part of Romans 8-9
p28	III	part of John 6
p29	III	part of Acts 26
p30	III	part of 1Thess 4-5
p32	II/III	part of Titus 1-2
p35	IV?	part of Matthew 25
p37	III/IV	part of Matthew 26
p38	III/IV	part of Acts 18-19
p39	III	part of John 8
p40	III	part of Romans
p45	III	part of Matthew 20-26;  Mark 4-12; Luke 6-14; John 4-11; Acts 4-17
p46	II/III	part of Romans - Hebrews
p47	late III	part of Revelation 9-16
p48	late III	part of Acts 23
p49	late III	part of Ephesians 4-5
p50	IV/V	part of Acts 8, 10
p51	IV/V	part of Galatians 1
p52	c. 125	part of John 18
p53	III	part of Matt.26 & Acts 9
p57	IV/V	part of Acts 4-5, 8-10
p62	IV	part of Matthew 11
p64 = p67	II/III	part of Matthew 3-5
p65	III	part of 1Thess 1-2
p66	II/III	part of John
p69	III	part of Luke 22
p70	III	part of Matthew 2, 11, 24
p71	IV	part of Matthew 19
p72	III/IV	part of 1&2 Peter & Jude
p75	early III	part of Luke & John
p77	II/III	part of Matthew 23
p78	III/IV	part of Jude
p80	III	part of John 3:34
p81	IV	part of 1 Peter 2-3
p82	IV/V	part of Luke 7
p85	IV/V	part of Revelation 9-10
p86	IV	part of Matthew 5
p87	III	part of Philemon
p88	IV	part of Mark 2
p89	IV	part of Hebrew 6
p90	II	part of John 18-19
p91	III	part of Acts 2
p92	III/IV	part of Eph.1 & 2 Thess.1
p93	V	part of John 13
p95	III	part of John 5
p98	II?	part of  Revelation 1
p99	IV/V	most of 2Cor, Gal, Eph
p100	III/IV	part of James 3-4
p101	III	part of Mathew 3
p102	III/IV	part of Matthew 4
p103	II/III	part of Matthew 13-14
p104	late II	part of Matthew 21
p106	III	part of John 1
p107	III	part of John 17
p108	III	part of John 17-18
p109	III	part of John 21
p110	IV	part of Matthew 10
p111	III	part of Luke 17
p112	V	part of Acts 26-27
p113	III	part of Romans 2
p114	III	part of Hebrews 1
p115	III/IV	part of Revelation 2-15
p117	IV/V	part of 2 Corinthians 7
p118	III	part of Romans 15-16

Uncial Manuscripts from the 5^>th century or earlier

	Date/century	Contents
01 = א, Sinaiticus 01a = א, first corrector	IV IV-V	all of New Testament
02 = A, Alexandrinus	V	Most of Mat.25 – Acts 22, 2Cor. 4-12
03 = B, Vaticanus	IV	most of Matthew - Jude
04 = C, Ephraemi	V	most of NT with gaps
05 = D, Bezae	V	Matthew – Acts
06 = D, Claromontanus	VI	most of Romans to Hebrews
016 = I, Washington	V	most of 1Cor 10 - Hebrews
026 = Q, Wolfenbiittel	V	parts of Luke & John 12-14
029 = T,Rome	V	parts of Luke & John
032 = W, Freer	V	Matthew – John
048	V	parts of Act 26 – 3 John
057	IV/V	part of Acts 3
058	IV	part of Matthew 18
059	IV/V	part of Mark 15
061	V	parts of 1Timothy
062	V	parts of Galatians 4-5
068	V	parts of John 13 & 16
069	V	parts of Mark 10-11
077	V	parts of Acts 13
0113	V	= section of 029
0125	V	= section of 029
0139	V	= section of 029
0160	IV/V	part of Matthew 26
0162	III/IV	part of John 2
0163	V	part of Revelation 16
0165	V	part of Acts 3-4
0166	V	part of Acts 28
0169	IV	part of Revelation 3-4
0171	III/IV	part of Matt.10, Luke 22
0172	V	part of Romans 1-2
0173	V	part of James 1
0174	V	part of Galatians 2
0175	V	part of Acts 6
0176	IV/V	part of Galatians 3
0181	IV/V	part of Luke 10
0182	V	part of Luke 19
0185	IV	part of 1 Corinthians 2-3
0188	IV	part of Mark 11
0189	II/III	part of Acts 5
0201	V	part of 1 Corinthians 12, 14
0206	IV	part of 1 Peter 5
0207	IV	part of Revelation 9
0212	III	part of Mt.27, Mk.15 Lk.23 Jn.19
0214	IV/V	part of Mark 8
0215	IV/V	part of Mark 15
0216	V	part of John 8-9
0217	V	part of John 11-12
0218	V	part of John 12
0219	IV/V	part of Romans 2-3
0220	III	part of Romans 4-5
0221	IV	part of Romans 5-6
0226	V	part of 1 Thessalonians 4-5
0227	V	part of Hebrews 11
0228	IV	part of Hebrews 12
0230	IV	part of Ephesians 6
0231	IV	part of Mathew 26-27
0236	V	part of Acts 3
0240	V	part of Titus 1
0242	IV	part of Matthew 8-9
0244	V	part of Acts 11-12
0252	V	part of Hebrews 6
0254	V	part of Galatians 5
0258	IV	part of John 10
0261	V	part of Galatians 1, 4
0264	V	part of John 8
0267	V	part of Luke 8
0270	IV/V	part of 1 Corinthians 15
0274	V	most of Mark 7-10
0301	V	part of John 17
0308	IV	part of Revelation 11
0312	III/IV	part of Luke 5, 7
0313	V	part of Mark 4
0315	IV/V	part of Mark 2-3

Lectionaries from the 5^th century or earlier

	Date/century	Contents
L1043	V	Mark 6 & Luke 2
L1604	IV	fragments

Ancient Translations from the 5^th century or earlier

	Date/century	Contents
Ar = Armenian	V	Whole NT
Cp = Coptic	III/IV	Whole NT
Gg = Georgian	V	Whole NT
Gt = Gothic	IV	Whole NT
Sy = Old Syriac	II-IV	Fragments
Pe = Syriac Peshitta	late IV	Whole NT
Lt = Old Latin	II-IV	Fragments
Vg = Latin Vulgate	IV	Whole NT

Quotations by Church Fathers and other writings
from the 5^th century or earlier

Number	NAME	Date/century	Language
Q1	Jacobus-Justus	I	Greek
Q3	Gospel-of-the-Hebrews	I/II	Greek
Q5	Ignatius	110	Greek
Q7	2Clement	before 150	Greek
Q9	Polycarp	156	Greek. Latin trans.
Q11	Justin	165	Greek
Q13	Julius-Cassianus	c. 170	Greek
Q15	Celsus	c. 178	Greek
Q17	Hegesippus	180	Greek
Q19	Theophilus	180	Greek
Q21	Polycrate	196	Greek
Q23	Diatessaron (missing original)	II	(Syriac – when all agree)
Q25	Diatessaron in Arabic	II	Arabic
Q27	Diatessaron in Armenian	II	Armenian
Q29	Diatessaron fromFulda	II	Latin
Q31	Diatessaron in Italian	II	(when Italian MSS agree)
Q33	Diatessaron fromTuscany	II	Italian
Q35	Diatessaron fromVenice	II	Italian
Q37	Diatessaron in Old Dutch	II	(when Dutch MSS agree)
Q39	Diatessaron from Liège	II	Old Dutch
Q41	Diatessaron fromStuttgart	II	Old Dutch
Q43	Diatessaron in Persian	II	Persian
Q45	Diatessaron in Syraic when different from the Armenian	II	Syriac
Q47	Aristides	II	Greek
Q49	Athenagoras	II	Greek
Q51	Basilidians	II	Greek
Q53	Carpocrates	II	Greek
Q55	Didache	II	Greek
Q57	Diognetus	II	Greek
Q59	Gospel-of-the-Ebionites	II	Greek
Q61	Gospel-of-the-Nazarenes	II	Aramaic
Q63	Heracleon	II	Greek
Q65	Marcion	II	Greek
Q67	Marcus	II	Greek
Q69	Papias	II	Greek
Q71	Ptolemy	II	Greek
Q73	Theodotus	II	Greek
Q75	Theodotus-Gnostic	II	Greek
Q77	Valentinians	II	Greek
Q79	Valentinus	II	Greek
Q81	Docetists	II/III	Greek
Q83	Naassenes	II/III	Greek
Q85	Papyrus-Egerton	II/III	Greek
Q87	Perateni	II/III	Greek
Q89	Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 405 = Irenaeus’ Adversus Haereses	[II/III?]	Greek
Q91	Irenaeus	202	Greek
Q93	Clement	215	Greek
Q95	Tertullian	220	Latin
Q97	Ippolytus	235	Greek
Q99	Africanus	240	Greek
Q101	Heraclides	c. 245	Greek
Q103	Origen	254	Greek
Q105	Cyprian	258	Latin
Q107	Rebaptism	258	Latin
Q109	Dionysius	265	Greek
Q111	Letter-of-Hymenaeus	c. 268	Greek
Q113	Gregory-Thaumaturgus	c. 270	Greek
Q115	Manes	277	Coptic trans.
Q117	Archelaus	278	Latin & Greek
Q119	Acts-of-Thomas	III	Syrian
Q121	Didascalia	III	Greek
Q123	Fayum-fragment	III	Greek
Q125	Manicheans	III	Syriac
Q127	Methodius	III	Greek
Q129	Novatian	III	Latin
Q131	Ps-Clement	III	Greek
Q133	Theotecnus	III	Greek
Q135	Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 655 = Gospel of Thomas	[III?]	Greek
Q137	Porphyry	301-304	Greek
Q139	Hieracas	302	Greek & Coptic
Q141	Victorinus-Pettau	304	Latin
Q143	Pierius	309	Greek
Q145	Pamphilus	310	Latin
Q147	Peter-Alexandria	311	Greek
Q149	Liber-Graduum	320	Syrian
Q151	Alexander	328	Greek
Q153	Jevencus	330	Latin
Q155	Arius	336	Greek
Q157	Eustathius	337	Latin
Q159	Jacob-Nisibis	338	Syriac
Q161	Eusebius	339	Greek
Q163	Asterius	after 341	Greek
Q165	Ps-Asterius	after 341	Greek
Q167	Pachomius	346	Greek
Q169	Maternus	348	Latin
Q171	Hegemonius	350	Syriac
Q173	Julius	352	Latin
Q175	Theodore-Heraclea	355	Greek
Q177	Eusebius-Emesa	before 359	Greek
Q179	Serapion	after 362	Greek
Q181	Victorinus-Rome	after 363	Latin
Q183	Basil-Ancyra	c. 364	Greek
Q185	Acacius	366	Greek
Q187	Aphraates	367	Syrian
Q189	Hilary	367	Latin
Q191	Caesarius-Nazianzus	369	Greek
Q193	Lucifer	370	Latin
Q195	Diatessaron in Ephraem	373	(Armenian=Syriac)
Q197	Diatessaron in Ephraem trans.	373	Armenian
Q199	Diatessaron in Ephraem orig.	373	Syriac
Q201	Athanasius	373	Greek
Q203	Ephraem	373	Syrian
Q205	Marcellus	c. 374	Greek
Q207	Titus-Bostra	before 378	Greek
Q209	Basil	379	Greek
Q211	Apostolic-Constitutions	c. 380	Greek
Q213	Orsiesius	c. 380	Greek
Q215	Meletius	381	Greek
Q217	Priscillian	385	Latin
Q219	Cyril-Jerusalem	386	Greek
Q221	Gregory-Nazianzus	390	Greek
Q223	Apollinaris	c. 390	Greek
Q225	Tyconius	after 390	Latin
Q227	Pacian	392	Latin
Q229	Gregory-Elvira	after 392	Latin
Q231	Phoebadius	after 392	Latin
Q233	Diodore	394	Greek
Q235	Gregory-Nyssa	394	Greek
Q237	Eunomius	c. 394	Greek
Q239	Amphilochius	after 394	Greek
Q241	Ambrose	397	Latin
Q243	Didymus	398	Greek
Q245	Evagrius	399	Greek
Q247	Acts-of-Pilate (4th C version)	IV	Greek & trans.
Q249	Adamantius	IV	Greek
Q251	Ambrosiaster	IV	Latin
Q253	Ammon	IV	Greek
Q255	Ammonas	IV	Greek
Q257	Apostolic-Canons	IV	Greek
Q259	Arians	IV	Greek
Q261	Caelestinus	IV	Latin
Q263	Eusebian-Canons	IV	Greek
Q265	Faustinus	IV	Latin
Q267	Faustus-Milevis	IV	Latin
Q269	Macrobius	IV	Latin
Q271	Optatus	IV	Latin
Q273	Philo-Carpasia	IV	Greek
Q275	Ps-Clementines	IV	Greek
Q277	Ps-Cyprian	IV	Latin
Q279	Zeno	IV	Latin
Q281	Josippus	IV?	Greek
Q283	Eunomians	IV/V	Greek
Q285	Hyperechius	IV/V	Greek
Q287	Macarius/Symeon	IV/V	Greek
Q289	Petilianus	IV/V	Latin
Q291	Ps-Eustathius	IV/V	Greek
Q293	Ps-Ignatius	IV/V	Greek
Q295	Ps-Justin	IV/V	Greek
Q297	Ps-Vigilius	IV/V	Latin
Q299	Timothy-Alexandria	IV/V	Greek
Q301	Teaching-of-Addai	400	Syrian
Q303	Epiphanius	403	Greek
Q305	Flavian-Antioch	404	Greek
Q307	Gaudentius	406	Latin
Q309	Chromatius	407	Latin
Q311	Chrysostom	407	Greek
Q313	Severian	after 408	Greek
Q315	Rufinus	410	Latin
Q317	Asterius-Amasea	c. 410	Greek
Q319	Theophilus-Alexandria	412	Greek
Q321	Niceta	414	Latin
Q323	Synesius	414	Greek
Q325	Hesychius-Salonitan	418	Greek
Q327	Orosius	after 418	Latin
Q329	Pelagius	after 418	Latin
Q331	Jerome	420	Latin
Q333	Sulpicius	c. 420	Latin
Q335	Maximus	423	Latin
Q337	Maximinus	428	Latin
Q339	Theodore	428	Greek
Q341	Augustine	430	Latin
Q343	Marcus-Eremita	430	Greek
Q345	Nilus	c. 430	Greek
Q347	Polychronius	c. 430	Greek
Q349	Nonnus	431	Greek
Q351	Palladius	431	Greek
Q353	Paulinus-Nola	431	Latin
Q355	Paul-Emesa	after 432	Greek
Q357	Eutherius	434	Greek
Q359	Cassian	435	Latin
Q361	Isidore	c. 435	Greek
Q363	Acacius-Melitene	c. 438	Greek
Q365	Socrates	after 439	Greek
Q367	Cyril	444	Greek
Q369	Arsenius	445	Greek
Q371	Varimadum	445-480	Latin
Q373	Proclus	446	Greek
Q375	Flavian-Constantinople	449	Greek
Q377	Sozomen	450	Greek
Q379	Hesychius	after 450	Greek
Q381	Nestorius	after 451	Greek
Q383	de Promissionibus	453	Latin
Q385	Quodvultdeus	c. 453	Latin
Q387	Julian-Eclanum	c. 454	Latin
Q389	Apringius	after 455	Latin
Q391	Arnobius	460	Latin
Q393	Valerian	460	Latin
Q395	Leo	461	Latin
Q397	Teodoret	466	Greek
Q399	Diadochus	468	Greek
Q401	Gennadius-Constantinople	471	Greek
Q403	Gelasius-Cyzicus	475	Greek
Q405	Salvian	c. 480	Latin
Q407	Vigilius	484	Latin
Q409	Victor-Vita	after 489	Latin
Q411	Faustus	490-500	Latin
Q413	Euthalius	V	Greek
Q415	Fastidius	V	Latin
Q417	Marius-Mercator	V	Greek
Q419	Nestorians	V	Greek
Q421	Possidius	V	Latin
Q423	Ps-Dionysius	V	Greek
Q425	Ps-Jerome	V	Latin
Q427	Speculum	V	Latin
Q429	Theodotus-Ancyra	V	Greek
Q431	Victor-Antioch	V	Greek

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[1]Augustine. De Doctrina Christiana Bk.2.57: “if there is any uncertainty in the various Latin versions, [it] should without doubt give place to the Greek ones, especially those found in the more learned and diligent churches.”




[2]They have had an identical text since NA26 (i.e. 26^th edition of Nestlé-Aland), NA27, UBS3 and UBS4 have identical texts (as highlighted in the introduction to UBS3 p. viii), though NA28 has introduced a handful of minor differences.




[3]It is possible that the Boharic Coptic version was translated from a different Greek text, but it nevertheless appears to be strongly influenced by previous Coptic translations.